Chapter 19 Study Guide
Early Latin America
Introduction/ Spaniards and Portuguese: From Reconquest to Conquest
1. What was the ancient capital of the Incas?
2. What products came from the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of Latin America?
A.
B.
C.
3. Who were the Iberians?
4. During the Middle Ages, which Christian kingdoms emerged in Europe?
5. Identify three major events that happened in Spain in 1492.
1.
2.
3.
6. Define Encomiendas
7. The political organization of Portugal and Castile was made up of what groups of people?
A.
B.
C.
8. Portugal developed an agricultural economy heavily based on what product?
9. Spain’s first established colony in the New World was located on what island?
10. How were the Spanish cities in the Caribbean different from those of Europe?
11. By the 1520’s, what two activities had replaced gold-hunting expeditions in the Caribbean?
12. Identify: Bartolome de Las Casas
13. Identify: Hernan Cortes
14. Identify: Moctezuma II
15. Identify: Tenochtitlan
16. Identify: Francisco Pizarro
17. Identify: Francisco Vazquez de Coronado
18. Identify: Pedro de Valdivia
19. What advantages did the conquistadors have over the Native Americans they encountered?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The Destruction and Transformation of American Indian Societies/ Colonial Economies and Governments
20. Whom in Indian society did the Spanish conquers eliminate? Whom did they keep in place?
21. Although most of Central and South America was agrarian, ______________ was an essential activity and the basis of Spain’s rule in the West Indies.
22. What metal was heavily gathered in both Mexico and Peru?
23. The Haciendas (rural estates) of the Spanish colonies began producing goods primarily for _____________________________.
24. The raising of sheep in Ecuador, New Spain and Peru lead to the development of __________________ where common cloth was produced.
25. Define: Consulado
26. The fleet system that Spain used for trade in the colonies was made possible largely by what type of ship?
27. Much of the silver that came from the Americas did not stay in the Spanish treasury because it was needed to pay for __________________.
28. Additionally, the arrival of American silver contributed to ____________________ and ______________________ first in Spain and later throughout Western Europe.
29. The _____________________________ gave Portugal all claims to the east and Spain all claims to the west in the New World by drawing a hypothetical line around the global. The country of _________________ belonged to Portugal.
30. The King of Spain ruled the colonies in the New World through the ___________________________, which issued laws and gave advice to the king.
31. To govern the Americas more effectively, Spain created two _________________________ located in Mexico City and Lima.
32. The viceroyalties were subdivided into 10 judicial divisions called _______________________.
Brazil: The First Plantation Colony/ Multiracial Societies
33. Brazil was settled mainly to produce ______________, which was in short supply in Europe.
34. ___________ did most of the backbreaking work on the plantations.
35. Although white planter families and African slaves occupied the upper and lower classes of society, __________________________ represented a growing segment of the population.
36. The Brazilian economy took a dive in the 1680’s until a group known as the __________________found _______________ in the interior of Brazil.
37. In what region was gold discovered in Brazil?
38. The discovery of gold and diamonds in the Brazilian interior was a mixed blessing;
Positive:
Negative:
39. The port of Rio de Janeiro grew in size and importance due to its proximity to what money generators?
40. People in Brazil were categorized by
A.
B.
C.
41. By 1700, Slaves made up of the Brazilian Population
42. Who are the castas?
43. Who are the peninsulares?
44. Who are the creoles?
45. A growing sense of self-identity contributed to the movements for _____________________ in Latin America
46. Marriages in the Americas were often _______________ and accompanied by a ____________________.
The 18th Century Reforms
47. By the 18th-Century, Spain’s hold in the New World was reduced by
A.
B.
C.
D.
48. When the Spanish king, Charles II, died without an heir, _____________
_____________________________________recognized a member of the Bourbon family as the rulers of Spain.
49. Spanish dynasty responsible for eighteenth century reforms within the Spanish empire.
50. Identify: Jose de Galvez
51. Bourbon reforms and commercial changes were a double-edged sword for the American economy. As Spanish and English goods became ___________________and more ______________________, they under-sold ________________________.
52. Identify: Marquis de Pombal
53. What disrupted old patterns of power and influence, raised expectations, and sometimes provoked violent colonial reactions in both Spanish America and Brazil?
A.
B.
C.
54. Identify: Tupac Amaru
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